THESIS TOURISM ACADEMY II

CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION

A. Understanding Tourism and Travellers
1. Tourism

Tourism is actually an activity that has existed since time immemorial. In its simplest tourism formerly known as, "banc", but in line with the development of science and technology that forms the growing tourism activity into an activity that is more extensive. According to Oka A. Yoeti (1996:21) "Tourism is: A journey undertaken for the time being held from one place to another in order not to try to (business) or a living place of a visit, but simply enjoy the journey." In principle, tourism can cover all travel, so long trips for sightseeing or recreation proficiency level. So Tourism is a journey, but not all trips can be considered as tourism activities.
In terms of tourism, there are several important factors that is characteristic of tourism, namely:

a. 's Journey was done for a while.

b. The trip was carried from one place to another.

c. The trip was to be done with sightseeing or recreation

d. People who travel for a living is not the place you've visited and merely as consumers in place.

Excursions have a variety of motivations and objectives. The difference in the motive or cause various types of tourism. According to Nyoman S. Pendit (2002:38) the type of tourism that is known at this time include: cultural tourism, health tourism, travel olahra, ga, commercial travel, tourism industry, travel political convention tourism, social travel, farm tours, maritime travel, tourism nature reserve tours, hunting tours, pilgrim, honeymoon travel and adventure travel.

Another type type type can be added depending on the condition and situation of the development of world tourism in a region or a country that is longed for the tourism industry to progress and develop. Tourism is an art of traffic, which is where humans dwell in a strange place for a specific purpose, but the residence should not be intended to settle down to do the work for ever or even the time being, its still in touch with work "( Dr.Hubert Yoeti Gulden in Oka A., 1983: 108)

"Tourism is a human activity that is done alternately between people within a country itself abroad for a while in search of satisfaction of diverse and different to what she had in which he has a permanent job" (One Wahab in Oka A. Yoeti, 1983: 106) In English tour called the "tour" which means picnic or walk the scenic view, while the etymology, tourism is derived from the Sanskrit word "Stingray" which means smooth manners meant having high and "Travel" which means a visit or a trip to see, hear, enjoy and learn something. Thus, Tourism means presenting a visits and virtuous.

Thus of all the above description, the science of tourism is the study of how a country's government as well as the rulers and the ruled society, serve to their guests who will come to see the beauty of the scenery. The nation's history and enjoy the art and culture of the country in and smooth toned religious meaning.

2. Tourist

Although there are variations of restrictions on tourists, there are some basic components that are generally agreed upon within the limits of the provision of travelers (especially lnternational Tourism), as follows:

a.       Traveler, a man who travels.

b.      Visitor, are people who travel to areas that are not a place of residence. The lack of 12 months, and the purpose of his journey is not to engage in activities to earn a living, income, or living at the destination.

c.       Tourist, is part of the visitors who spent at least one night (24 hours) in the areas he visited.

Restrictions above still has a flaw that does not contain restrictions of movement, timing and nature of events is clear. But the advantages of the above restrictions apply to foreign tourists.
In making many travelers limits varying opinions of the experts and touring organization. United National Conference on Travel and toursm in Rome (1963) in the book Sociology of Tourism (2005) provide a more general restriction, but by using the term 'visitor' (visitors), namely: every person who visits a country that is not a residence, to many purposes, but not for work or life of the country visited. "

For international travelers (International Union of Official Travel Organizations) has taken the initiative IUOTO construct a uniform limit "tourists" (tourst) with "travelers" (excursionist) with the following restrictions:

a. Travelers are temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours of ¬ the country visited and the journey's purpose can be classified as follows:

1) cruise (Leisure) which for the purposes of recreation leisure, health, religion and sports.

2) trade relations, relatives, conferences and missions.

b. Travelers (Excursionist) are temporary visitors who live in a country that visited less than 24 hours (including both) in the course of the ship spesiar. With the restriction of IUOTO uniformity that does not mean there are no problems anymore, because there are many more countries that have their own restrictions on what travelers dimaksut. The basis of the trend that seems to be the view of the course where the motivations that drive to do the work will lead to the same demands on the infrastructure, the means of travel and transportation, accommodation facilities services other services and facilities so that the demand for goods services will increase.
In developing countries will be the expansion of the scope of interest, while in developing countries that have interests other than the breadth of the scope of an existing, supported also by the increase in revenue, growing time, improving education, the knowledge, the intelligence community as a result of these developments, the motivation for the journey will be more powerful. Similarly, technological advances facilitate compliance harsat or activity for traveling.
In accordance with the circumstances, the activities of people to travel stems from:

a.       Feelings or activities to learn about the customs and habits of others, so that people want to travel.

b.      Encouragement of religious factors can make people travel to places of worship and other places considered sacred.

c.       Encouragement needs of the family.

In line with the expansion of the human desire to travel and coupled with technological advances in the field of transportation so that the distance and time is no longer an issue, then the subsequent development the desire to travel is not just limited to the desire to know, as well as the religious impulse to trade affairs alone but has changes to the urge to kesghatan, politics, interests, and other education or study. Further development of the era was marked by the emergence of travelers or tourists, yalrni desire to expand knowledge about the flora and fauna of the ancient relics, monuments which have high artistic creations of the renowned artist and so on.
In a further development that traveled not only stand out from the group and the community has been able to do the trip. It is caused by various factors such as:

a.       Limitation of working hours, weekly rest periods and to an annual vacation working at a company and costs normally borne by the company when employees travel journey.

b.      Revenues increased.

3. Definition Overview

Menuurut General Indonesian Dictionary (1990), edited by Poerwadarminta, meaning reviews is to see or describe. In this review of the existence of the Palace as a reflection of the maturity Maimoon North Sumatra Malay tradition in the tourism context is to look carefully at the stage of preliminary observations, how the palace as a mirror maturity Maimoon North Sumatra Malay tradition. Thus the focus of this attention will explore the cultural aspects of the background presence Maimoon Palace.

4. Understanding attractions Travel Attractions

Culture comes from the Sanskrit buddhayah, which is the plural of budhhi (mind or intellect), defined as the things pertaining to the mind and human reason (Koentjaraningrat, 1982:9). Culture can be defined as a system, where the system is made of the behavior, the behavior of both body and mind. It is closely related to the movement of people who are dynamic and in a certain period of time will result in a structure or system of its own in the aggregate. As said by Koentjaraningrat (1987:98): "... culture is a whole system of ideas, actions, and the works of man in order to become a society that belongs to human beings by means of learning."
Culture has two dimensions, namely the content and form. The content consists of a system of religious culture or religion, language, social organization, livelihood systems, education systems, life equipment and technology, and art (or arts and culture). Selanjunya dimensional form of culture is in the form of an idea or ideas, activities or social behavior, and cultural objects.

B. Understanding Objects and Travel Attractions

In the world of tourism attractions and tourist attraction has an important role that can serve as an attraction for someone or potential tourists to visit a tourist destination.
Understanding object and attraction are the elements of the environment that consists of natural resources, human resources, resources that could be developed and made harnessed As with appeal to a tourist facility or attraction that is, all the interesting things to see and perceived by tourists provided or derived from nature alone.

While restrictions understanding (terminotogi) object and attraction Statutory 9 1990 on tourism is as follows: "the object appeal is everything a tourist". In the Act article 4 section III explained that the object and attractions consist of:

1. Object creation and attraction of God Almighty

Object and attraction Almighty God's creation embodied in natural conditions as well as flora and fauna. Objects and fascination of nature and the true state of flora and fauna is a material or object management area and attractions, this tour should be done wisely because natural resources and ecosystems are very sensitive to changes in the types of development and power This tourist attraction requires the involvement of various elements (intergratea). These elements need to be explored and understood, so the approach to the development and pemanfaatanya steps can be performed quickly.

In the sumler utilization of natural resources can be differentiated into a variety of shapes and characteristics include: water, gas, and light. Properties ¬ nature of natural resources has a variety of forms making it very difficult to manage, this is where managers hold habitat manipulation (place to live), because no creature living alone without the help of other creatures.
Such a concept introduced to us on the ecosystem or environmental governance. Ecosystem is a reciprocal relationship of mutual influence and mutual support between living things and the environment.

Attractions and tourist attraction in the form of God's creation and the natural state of flora and fauna have relative attractiveness for tourists, what is interesting in the present days of the past and perhaps the future less attractive or even not at all otherwise. This hat can happen when tourist attraction on the first visit and attractions are very interesting, but on the next visit should be unattractive.

The appeal contained in the object and tangible tourist attraction as well as the natural state of flora and fauna by nature and incidence of natural resources and ecosystems. Object and attraction can be grouped into several types (Directorate General of Tourism, 1984), among others:

a.       Attractions and tourist attraction forests, farms, plantations, and farms.

b.      Attractions and tourist attraction of the sea, beaches, lakes, and rivers.

c.       Attractions and tourist attraction cave, mountain, valley, and so on. The attraction of an object is one of the main capital for pengembanganya, this is due to that the attractiveness as a major potential cause visitors arrived.

2. Objects and attractions such as the work of man.

Object and appeal of human work is the use of various types of human form and his creation that was created from the utilization of natural resources and human resources are used as the target type. Utilization of human action in accordance with cultural diversity, among others:

a. And archaeological heritage.

b. Cultural diversity such as:

1) The art of dance and music

2) Arts drama

3) Rituals and beliefs

4) Business Relationship

5) events relating to customs and traditional customs

6) Funerals

7) Procedures and manners of traditional life (way of life)

c. Handicrafts and architecture

According to James J. Spillane (1994: 63-72) a tourist attraction or destination, must include the five essential elements that tourists can feel satisfied in enjoying the journey, the object type must include:

1) Attractions

Is the center of the tourism industry. By understanding attractions to attract tourists who want to visit it. Motivation tourists to visit a destination is to meet or satisfy some need or request. Usually they are interested in a location because of certain characteristics. Characteristics that attract tourists are:

a) The natural beauty

b) Climate and weather

c) Culture

d) History

e) Ethnicity tribal properties

f) Accessibility-ability or ease of walking or some place of.

2) Facility

Facilities tend to be oriented to the attractions sector in the location because of the facilities should be close to the market. Facilities tend to support not encourage growth and tend to develop at the same time or after the growing attractions. An attractions can also be a facility. The number and type of facilities depending on the needs of travelers. Such facilities should match the quality and price of lodging, food, and drinks are also matched with the ability to pay of tourists who visit the place.

3) Infrastructure

Attractions and facilities can not be achieved easily if there is no basic infrastructure. Infrastructure includes all construction under and above ground, and a territory or region. Which includes critical infrastructure in tourism are:

a) irrigation / water The quality of water is very essential or indispensable.

b) The power source and energy

An important consideration is the antidote to the available energy power consumption at the highest or peak hours (peak hours). This is necessary in order to offer continuous service.

c) Communication Networks

Although many travelers want to escape from the usual situation filled with tension, some still require the services of telephone services and telgram available.

d) kotoranl sewage disposal system

The water requirement for sewerage kirakira require 90% of the demand for water. Channel network should be designed based on peak demand or maximum demand.

e) Health Services

Health services available will depend on the number of guests expected, in general, the types of activities performed or geographical factors lakal.

f). highway

There are several ways to make the road more attractive for tourists:

1.      Provides a view of the universe that Was

2.      Make your way up and down to variations in view of the

3.      Develop a place with a beautiful view

4.      Make a highway with two separate directions but in accordance with state land

5.      Choose a tree that is not too thick so that there is a beautiful view.

4) Transportation

There are several proposals on the transport and facilities that could be some kind of guidelines including:

a.       Detailed information about the facilities, terminal location, and local transport services at the destination Hanis available to all passengers before departing from the region of origin.

b.      The security system must be provided at the terminal to prevent crime.

c.       A system or a uniform standard for traffic signs and symbols must be developed and installed at all airports.

d.      The information system should provide data about other transport service information to contact diterminal including schedules and fares.

e.       The latest information and are applicable, whether the scheduled departure or arrival must be available on the bulletin board, verbal or telephone.

f.       Workforce to help the passengers.

g.      Detailed information about the location, fares, schedules, routes and local transport services.

h.      Map of the city should be available for passengers.

5) Hospitality (hospitality)

Travelers who are in an environment that they do not know the certainty of security is very important, especially foreign tourists.

C. Forms and Types Tourism

Tourism has the form and the types depends on the activities and objectives of the main tourist activities. Among the forms and types of tourism is nature. This is the main focus of tourism to the beauty and uniqueness of nature suatau held in a particular region. For example, North Sumatra has natural attractions of Lake Toba and the surrounding areas, beaches Mirror, Gunung Leuser, Bukit Barisan, and so on. Nature, there is also a 'count breeding animals, or animal rehabilitation center that relied on a tourism asset. There is also a form of baths.
There are also farm tours commonly known as agrotourism. Form like this is to focus its activities to plantations or farming estates ¬. Can asaja oil palm, cocoa, rubber, pineapple, sweet potatoes, ornamental plants and flowers, to the other vegetables and other ¬.
One of the mainstay of Indonesia in the package tourism industry is cultural tourism. Forms like this typically rely on local culture like a traditional life, art, language, cooking or culinary and the like. Cultural tourism can be an annual attraction that pertistiwa and colossal, such as the People's Party Mhnau Toba, Malay Cultural Week, Feast drum Archipelago, and others.

D. Regional attractions Tourist Destination

According Fandelli (1995) "which is the aesthetic aspect of a major unsurx visited tourist attraction and was instrumental in supporting the development of the tourism sector as most attractions are very dependent on the beauty and natural beauty." Things a little market to attract tourists attractions tourist destination. The facilities available to meet the needs of tourists during their stay in a place (ODTW) and Infrastruktw such as telephone, electricity, water and home sakat much needed tourists. Means of transport is required so that tourists can visit the attraction destination. Quality of service (hospitalyty) by the public to the very need at guest satisfaction are visiting a tourist attraction.

E. Management and Exploitation Attractions and Travel Attractions

1. Object management and attraction

Without good management objects and attractions may not be able to meet the demands as required by policy or the above requirements. In the study of the implementation of the development plan of an object and tourist attraction, not quite hanya.disiapkan physical plan but must be accompanied by a plan administrator and executor, and other support matters.
In previous years, the object and attraction is not widely known, so that visitors do not much because it is providing much needed operating costs. In general, the cost of managing an attraction is not enough if only based on the proceeds received from tiketl ticket (entrance fee) of visitors, however, that sought other funding sources, such as the provision of accommodation, restaurants, souvenirshop, stage performances attraction budayal other attractions and the types of tourism other.

With the definite and sustainable sources of financing, the object function and attraction will be able to function properly. Another way that can be done is by cooperation between the government, private and public, this is a clear division of authority and responsibility for all handed over to private management, because in general other things that could benefit that can be attractive, regardless other things that support and ensure the smooth operation for object utilization and attraction received less attention, so objects and attractions, including the environment and accessibility to the object and attractions are poorly maintained.
Attractions and tourist attraction as well as the asset is a major attraction for tourists to visit a tourist destination. Objects and attractions can also be used as a vehicle for information, educational and research center for humans to know, admire and love all the potential that exists.
From these explanations that the object and attractions that have characteristics requiring attention specifically to the improvement and development and taking into account sustainability. In the management of objects and attractions ¬ occasionally faced sometimes it tastes change visitor / visitor levels high enough elasticity, meninggkatkan competition with objects and other tourist attraction so that the number of visitors has decreased.

In the face of such a situation the manager must be responsive and creative to be able to tailor products to the tastes of visitors, for example, held a presentation of changes in the implementation of the campaign, so that object and attraction can be revived with new products that are tailored to the trend of the interest of potential visitors dominant at the time. This can be done for example by holding the execution of marketing and product development that can touch the tastes and desires of visitors (market oriented) without compromising the basic principles that have been set.

2. Cultivation of objects and attractions

Demand Act 9 of 1990 on Tourism: Cultivation of objects and attractions can be done by the government and the private sector has entity or individual. In conducting such activities must berda.sarkan permit and concession terms and other provisions regarding the implementation of pengusahaannya regulated by the government.

Object businesses and attractions in conducting the company has the following obligations:

a.       Provide protection to every visitor attractions and tourist attraction.

b.      Meets established No.Kep.18/CT/IU88, on the implementation of the provisions of objects and tourist attraction.

c.       Obey all laws and regulations regarding labor and business activities.

d.      Running a business must comply with the norms and procedures of the object and the operation of the tourist attraction.

e.       Maintain dignity of the object and attraction to prevent and prohibit activities that violate decency, all the rules on the decisions and requirements as the Director General of Tourism among others, gambling, drug use or the like and apply elements sapta absolute charm.

Object exploitation activities and attractions under Act 9 of 1990: are business activities that include building and managing objects and attractions as well as the necessary infrastructure and facilities to manage objects or activities and attractions that already exist. Cultivation of objects and attractions are grouped into three categories:

a.       Cultivation of objects and natural tourist attraction, this is a business that has activities on the use of natural resources and environmental governance to be used as a means of travel.

b.      Cultivation of objects and cultural tourist attraction tours, this is a business that has activities in arts and culture nation to serve as a means of travel.

c.       Cultivation of objects and special tourist attraction, this is a business that has activities on the use of natural resources and the potential of art and culture to induce attraction and special interests as a means of travel.

Cultivation of objects and attractions are cored activities necessary safeguards the safety of tourists, conservation and environmental quality, public order and peace.

F. Factors Determining A Growing Attraction

Furthermore, whether an evolving attraction is very dependent on the following factors:

1. Attractions, which is the attraction to be visited by tourists.

a.       Site attraction is, traik power already held by the natural scenery, good climate, the caves are very interesting, natural scenery, historic landmarks and so on.

b.      Event attraction, the appeal arising from the incident or event.

2.      Accessibility, ie easiness to reach the destination or tourist areas of origin or point of excursions such as: transportation equipment transportation, road conditions, and so on.

3.      Facilities, the availability of facilities at attractions such as: accommodation, restaurant, bar, other tourism facilities that can meet the needs of travelers.

4.      Tourism organization, namely the existence of an organization that manages tourism attractions and tours, such as travel agents and others.

So success than the construction and development of a tourist destination is dependent attraction factor, accessibility, amenities and tourism organization. Besides, the development of a tourist destination should also note the following requirements:

a.       There must be something that can be seen or something that attracts attention. (Something to see)

b.      There must be something good activity conducted a spot visit. (Something to do)

c.       There must be something that is bought as a souvenir and others required by tourists. (Something to buy)